Papers — How Did We Get Here

Every paper below is drawn from the Toptronic® library of the scientific papers that built LLMs, neural networks and modern AI — from 1517 to today. Scroll the timeline: today sits at the top, the discipline's foundations at the bottom. One paper is unlocked from the library regularly as part of each release — follow the press releases.

A plain-language companion to this timeline, published by Google: Google What is Prompt Engineering paper (opens in a new tab).